2010 French Open

Date: 23 May – 6 June
Edition: 109th
Category: Grand Slam (ITF)
Location: Paris (XVIe), France

Champions
Men's Singles - Rafael Nadal
Women's Singles - Francesca Schiavone
Men's Doubles - Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić
Women's Doubles - Serena Williams / Venus Williams
Mixed Doubles - Katarina Srebotnik / Nenad Zimonjić
Boys' Singles - Agustín Velotti
Girls' Singles - Elina Svitolina
Boys' Doubles - Duilio Beretta / Roberto Quiroz
Girls' Doubles - Tímea Babos / Sloane Stephens
Legends Under 45 Doubles - Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Andrei Medvedev
Women's Legends Doubles - Martina Navratilova / Jana Novotná
Legends Over 45 Doubles - Andrés Gómez / John McEnroe
Wheelchair Men's Singles - Shingo Kunieda
Wheelchair Women's Singles -Esther Vergeer
Wheelchair Men's Doubles - Stéphane Houdet / Shingo Kunieda
Wheelchair Women's Doubles - Daniela Di Toro / Aniek van Koot

Compound microscope and its parts

A high power or compound microscope achieves higher levels of magnification than a stereo or low power microscope। It is used to view smaller specimens such as cell structures which cannot be seen at lower levels of magnification।
Essentially, a compound microscope consists of structural and optical components. However, within these two basic systems, there are some essential components that every microscopist should know and understand.
These key microscope parts are illustrated and explained below.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
The three basic structural components of a compound microscope are the head, base and arm.
• Head/Body houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope
• Base of the microscope supports the microscope and houses the illuminator
• Arm connects to the base and supports the microscope head. It is also used to carry the microscope.
When carrying a compound microscope always take care to lift it by both the arm and base, simultaneously.

OPTICAL COMPONENTS
There are two optical systems in a compound microscope: Eyepiece Lenses and Objective Lenses:

Eyepiece or Ocular is what you look through at the top of the microscope. Typically, standard eyepieces have a magnifying power of 10x. Optional eyepieces of varying powers are available, typically from 5x-30x.

Eyepiece tube holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens. Binocular microscope heads typically incorporate a diopter adjustment ring that allows for the possible inconsistencies of our eyesight in one or both eyes. The monocular (single eye usage) microscope does not need a diopter. Binocular microscopes also swivel (Interpupillary Adjustment) to allow for different distances between the eyes of different individuals.

Objective Lenses are the primary optical lenses on a microscope. They range from 4x-100x and typically, include, three, four or five on lens on most microscopes. Objectives can be forward or rear-facing.

Nosepiece houses the objectives. The objectives are exposed and are mounted on a rotating turret so that different objectives can be conveniently selected. Standard objectives include 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x although different power objectives are available.

Coarse and Fine Focus knobs are used to focus the microscope. Increasingly, they are coaxial knobs - that is to say they are built on the same axis with the fine focus knob on the outside.

Coaxial focus knobs are more convenient since the viewer does not have to grope for a different knob.

Stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is used when working at higher magnifications where delicate movements of the specimen slide are required.

Stage Clips are used when there is no mechanical stage. The viewer is required to move the slide manually to view different sections of the specimen.

Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base (transmitted) light reaches the stage.

Illuminator is the light source for a microscope, typically located in the base of the microscope. Most light microscopes use low voltage, halogen bulbs with continuous variable lighting control located within the base.

Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.

Iris Diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the condenser and below the stage. Most high quality microscopes include an Abbe condenser with an iris diaphragm. Combined, they control both the focus and quantity of light applied to the specimen.

Condenser Focus Knob moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting focus on the specimen.

Wimbledon Campionship 2010

Date: 21 June – 4 July
Edition: 124th
Category: Grand Slam (ITF)
Location: SW19, Wimbledon,
London, England, United Kingdom
Champions
Men's Singles -Rafael Nadal
Women's Singles -Serena Williams
Men's Doubles -Jürgen Melzer / Philipp Petzschner
Women's Doubles -Vania King / Yaroslava Shvedova
Mixed Doubles -Leander Paes / Cara Black
Boys' Singles -Márton Fucsovics
Girls' Singles -Kristýna Plíšková
Boys' Doubles -Liam Broady / Tom Farquharson
Girls' Doubles -Tímea Babos / Sloane Stephens
Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles -Donald Johnson / Jared Palmer
Ladies' Invitation Doubles -Martina Navratilova / Jana Novotná
Senior Gentlemen's Invitation Doubles -Pat Cash / Mark Woodforde
Wheelchair Men's Doubles -Robin Ammerlaan / Stefan Olsson
Wheelchair Women's Doubles -Esther Vergeer / Sharon Walraven

FIFA World Cup 2010

Final Tournament Standings

• Winner: Spain
• Runners-Up: Netherlands
• Third: Germany
• Fourth: Uruguay

Adidas Golden Boot

Thomas MUELLER is the winner of the adidas Golden Shoe award

FIFA Fair Play award

• Spain

Best Young Player Award

Thomas MUELLER is the winner of the Best Young Player Award award

Thomas MUELLER
Thomas Muller’s opening goal for Germany against Uruguay in the third-place play-off proved enough to earn the Bayern Munich starlet the adidas Golden Boot. Muller finished on five goals at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, but claimed the top scorer accolade thanks to no fewer than three assists, leaving him ahead of Spain marksman David Villa and Dutch hitman Wesley Sneijder, both of whom finished on five goals but with only one assist apiece.

Adidas Golden ball

Diego FORLAN is the winner of the adidas Golden Ball award

Diego FORLAN
Diego Forlan has been named Best Player at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The Uruguay striker topped the prestigious poll of accredited media representatives ahead of the Netherlands’ Wesley Sneijder and Spain hitman David Villa. The 31-year-old Forlan took the starring role in his country’s heroic performance at the FIFA World Cup finals.
adidas Golden Glove

Iker CASILLAS is the winner of the adidas Golden Glove award

Iker CASILLAS
The Spain keeper has conceded just two goals at South Africa 2010. Under pressure after La Roja opened up with a shock defeat to Switzerland, Casillas has since answered his critics with a string of superb displays that have proved crucial to his Spain’s progress to a Final they have long dreamed about.

States of matter

Matter is divided into three based on physical components

1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases

Note : The fourth state of matter is Plasma and the fifth state is Bose Eienstien Condensate.

Solids - Pen, pencil, book and bottle are some examples of solids.

Properties

• Solids have definite shape, fixed volume and distinct boundaries.
• Solids have negligible compressibility.
• Solids do not take the shape of the container.
• Solids have high density.
• Solids do not flow.
• The rate of diffusion in solids is very low.
• The intermolecular force in solids in very high.
• The intermolecular space in solids is very less.

Liquids - Oil, water, honey and juice are some common examples

Properties

• Liquids have fixed volume but no not have fixed shape.
• Liquids can be compressed little.
• Liquids have less densities than solids
• Liquids take the shape of the container.
• Liquids can flow.
• The intermolecular space in liquids is more than solids.
• The intermolecular force in liquids is less than solids.
• The rate of diffusion in solids is higher than solids.

Gases - Oxygen, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen are some examples of gases.

Properties

• Gases have niether a definite shape nor definite volume.
• Gases take the shape of the container.
• Gases have high compressibility.
• Gases have low densities.
• Gases can flow easily.
• The intermolecular space in gases is large.
• The intermolecular forces in gases is less.
• The rate of diffusion in gases is high.

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume is known as matter. A pen, book, mobile, bat, coin, tennis bat, football, blackboard, chalk are examples of matter.
Mass is the quantity of matter present in an object.
The amount of space acquired by an object is known as its volume.

Characteristics of matter

• Matter is made if of particles - If we observe some object under an electron microscope we can observe the surface of these particles.
• The particles of matter are very very small - The particles of matter are so small that in a small drop of water there are 100,000,000 particles.

Nature of particles 0f matter

• The particles of matter are continuously moving.
• The particles of matter have spaces between them (Intermolecular space).
• The particles of matter have forces of attraction between them (Intermolecular force).